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Sedativa a analgezie při porodu

Působí léky podávané za porodu na vaše miminko? Samozřejmě, že ano! Je ovšem důležité o jaké léky jde a jakými cestami se do těla dostávají. Existuje mnoho způsobů, některé jsou u nás známé, některé se víceméně nepoužívají.

Inhalační analgetika

Plyn, který se přivádí k inhalaci matce přes ústní masku. Plyn inhalujete ve chvíli kontrakce, mimo ni dýcháte spontánně, bez masky. Tato metoda otupuje centrum bolesti v mozku a je poměrně účinná a dobrá. V českém porodnictví se s ní setkáte málokde, nicméně ji popisujeme právě proto, abyste nebyla překva­pena, pokud vám ji někde nabídnou.

Narkotika

Patří mezi zastaralou metodu, která se již v zásadě nepoužívá. Fungují tak, že otupují bolest přes nervové buňky v mozku. Tyto dávky se většinou dávají

muskulárně (do svalu) nebo venózně (do žíly). Vždy ovšem působí na celý krevní oběh matky, tedy i dítěte. Proto podávání těchto látek pečlivě zvažte. Velice působí na plod a mají na něj do určité míry až negativní vliv. Pokud se pro ně rozhodnete, pak využívejte malých dávek.

Sedativa a uklidňující léky

Tyto látky se většinou aplikují v souboru několika léků dohromady. Jde o tzv. směs, která má působit proti bolesti a celkově uklidnit rodičku. Při této metodě je velice individuální, jak budou léky působit, a je důležité, v jaké chvíli porodu se aplikují. Většinou se podávají do svalu, a jejich působení začíná asi 30 minut po aplikaci. Často způsobují ospalost a pokud se jejich působení překlene až do poslední fáze porodu (tlačení), většinou mívají ženy potíže soustředit se a dostatečně tlačit.

Lokální analgezie děložního hrdla

Při této metodě se znecitlivuje oblast děložního hrdla a branky při I. době porodní. Speciální aplikační jehlou se přímo do hrdla zavede analgetická látka, která jej znecitliví. Tím se odblokuje pocit bolesti po dobu otevírání děložního hrdla a branky. Metoda se dnes nevyužívá tak často, nicméně pokud je dobře pro­vedená, má velikou účinnost a žena při této metodě není omezována v pohybu.

Metoda funguje po aplikaci asi 140 minut a dá se několikrát opakovat. Porod pak většinou proběhne nejpozději po dvou aplikacích analgetické látky. Znecit- livění se týká oblasti děložního hrdla a branky, takže je nutné dodat, že při sa­motném tlačení miminka ven z pochvy tato metoda již nefunguje. Oblast pochvy a dalších částí porodních cest není znecitlivěná.

Epidurální analgezie

Zabraňuje šíření bolesti, vzniklé z kontrakcí děložních, a to blokací nervů, které vedou páteří. Pokud je epidurální analgezie provedena dobře, pak znecit­liví oblast od pasu ke kolenům. Nicméně je nutné dávat pozor na dávku vstři­kované látky, protože je žádoucí, abyste při porodu mohla chodit a normálně se pohybovat.

Jak se epidurální anestézie provádí? V oblasti bederní páteře vám anestezi- olog umrtví malou část zad. V průměru asi 2 x 2 centimetry. Poté zavede dutou jehlu do spinální části (oblast kolem míchy uvnitř páteřního kanálu). Tam vstříkne příslušné anestetikum a vyndá jehlu. V páteřním prostoru zůstane pouze katetr (sonda) z umělé hmoty, který vůbec necítíte. Ten zafixuje (dutý katetr zůstává pro možnost dalšího přidání účinné látky).

Aby se tato metoda mohla provést, je nutné zvážit spoustu okolností, které by mohly aplikaci epidurální analgezie bránit. V první řadě je nutné ohodnotit, proč provést epidurální analgezii. Není vhodné s touto metodou porod začí­t. Je vždy lepší počkat, jak se celý porodnický děj vyvine a dle průběhu se porodník operativně rozhodne. Je nutné také zjistit váš krevní tlak.

Tato metoda má také několik nevýhod. Pokud se přežene dávkování, může se stát, že žena prakticky vůbec nerozpozná, kdy kontrakci má a kdy ne a nebude schopna spolupracovat. Při vysoké dávce dochází ke zpomalení porodnického děje. Pokud by se aplikovala větší dávka, je bohužel časté omezení pohybu po celou dobu porodu.

Epidurální analgezie je moderní metoda, která je v současné době často využívána. Jistě vám bude v porodnici nabídnuta. Je na vašem zvážení, jestli ji využijete. Jistě má své opodstatnění v případě protahovaného a dlouhého či komplikovaného porodu. Dále pro ženy v preeklampsii, u ne dobře uložených plodů již při I. době porodní, u žen těžkých astmatiček a nebo je-li porod veden kleštěmi.

Tato aplikace je též na místě, pokud jde o humánnost při porodu mrtvého plodu apod. (Žena, která se těší na miminko, překonává vše lépe, než ta, která předem ví, že je v tomto případě vše ztraceno.) Velikou výhodou této aplikace je její rychlé převedení na anestézii, která se dá velice účinně využít při porodu císařským řezem.

autor: Magdalena Mikulandová

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